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335 terms used in insurance restoration, explained for practitioners.
#15 felt paper is a traditional asphalt-saturated organic or fiberglass roofing underlayment that weighs approximately 15 pounds per square (100 sq ft), used as a secondary moisture barrier beneath shingles.
#30 felt paper is a heavier-grade asphalt-saturated roofing underlayment weighing approximately 30 pounds per square (100 sq ft), providing more durable moisture protection than #15 felt.
A flat, single-layer asphalt shingle with cutouts that create three uniform tabs. Less expensive than architectural shingles but with a shorter lifespan.
The code in Xactimate that specifies what action is being performed on a line item — remove, replace, repair, clean, detach and reset, or other standard actions. Combined with the selector code to form the complete line item.
Actual Cash Value (ACV) is the current real-world value of damaged property, calculated by subtracting depreciation from the Replacement Cost Value (RCV). ACV determines the first check the homeowner receives on an insurance claim.
A person or entity added to another party's insurance policy, extending coverage to them for liability arising from the policyholder's work. Common in construction contracts where owners and general contractors require subs to add them as additional insured.
Additional Living Expenses (ALE) is the insurance coverage that pays the difference between a policyholder's normal living costs and the inflated costs of living elsewhere while their home is uninhabitable during covered repairs.
A formal request to the insurance carrier for reimbursement of costs incurred while displaced from the home during covered repairs. Requires documentation of expenses and proof they exceed normal living costs.
An adjuster is a licensed professional who inspects property damage and writes or reviews estimates for an insurance claim. Adjusters are classified into three types: staff adjusters (carrier employees), independent adjusters (contracted during catastrophe events), and public adjusters (representing the policyholder).
The state-issued credential required for individuals to work as insurance adjusters, with requirements varying by state and adjuster type. Most states require written examinations, continuing education, and periodic renewal.
The maximum total amount an insurance policy will pay out across all claims during the policy period, regardless of how many individual losses occur.
The government entity (typically a city, county, or state building department) responsible for enforcing building codes, issuing permits, and conducting inspections in a specific geographic area. Requirements vary by AHJ, so compliance is always local.
A compact, high-velocity fan used to direct airflow across wet surfaces during structural drying. Air movers accelerate evaporation, shortening drying time when paired with dehumidification.
The collection of airborne spore samples inside and outside a structure to assess mold contamination levels. Results are compared against outdoor reference samples to determine whether indoor conditions are elevated or normal.
A portable HEPA-filtered air cleaning device used during restoration and remediation to remove airborne contaminants including mold spores, dust, and particulate matter from the work environment. Can also be configured for negative air operation.
A homeowner's insurance policy that covers all causes of loss except those specifically listed as exclusions. Also called an open-perils or special form policy. Broader coverage than a named-peril policy.
An insurance policy that covers all causes of loss except those specifically excluded. Also called open peril or special form. Broader coverage than named peril policies.
Aluminum coil stock is flat-rolled aluminum sheet material used by roofers and siding installers to fabricate custom flashing, trim, and accessories on site by cutting and bending to the required profile.
A policy clause that excludes coverage when a covered peril (like wind) and an excluded peril (like flood) combine to cause damage. If both causes contribute, the entire loss is denied under this clause.
The application of EPA-registered antimicrobial chemicals to surfaces during or after restoration work to inhibit the growth of bacteria, mold, and other microorganisms. Used selectively in water damage, mold remediation, and sewage loss work.
An appraisal clause is a provision in most property insurance policies that allows either the policyholder or the carrier to invoke a formal, binding appraisal process when they disagree on the value of a covered loss.
A formal invocation of the appraisal clause in a property insurance policy, initiated by either the policyholder or the carrier to resolve disputes over the amount of loss. Once invoked, the clause usually requires both parties to select independent appraisers who then select an umpire if needed.
The formal dispute resolution procedure outlined in most property insurance policies where each party appoints an appraiser and, if they cannot agree, a neutral umpire decides the claim value. Binding in most states.
An insurance appraiser is a professional appointed by either the policyholder or the carrier during the appraisal process to independently assess the value of a disputed insurance claim by comparing damage estimates and repair costs line by line.
A continuous piece of sheet metal installed at the base of a vertical surface where it meets the roof plane, such as at the front of a chimney or dormer. Directs water flowing down the vertical surface onto the shingles.
A binding or non-binding dispute resolution process in which a neutral third party hears evidence from both sides and issues a decision. Some insurance policies require arbitration of coverage or amount disputes before litigation.
A premium asphalt shingle with a dimensional, layered appearance that mimics wood shake or slate. Heavier and more durable than 3-tab shingles with a longer warranty.
The most common residential roofing material in the United States, made from fiberglass mat coated with asphalt and mineral granules. Available in 3-tab and architectural styles.
Assignment of Benefits (AOB) is a legal agreement in which the policyholder transfers their insurance claim rights to a third party - typically the contractor or restoration company - allowing that party to file claims, negotiate, and collect payment directly from the carrier.
A deduction from a contractor's or subcontractor's payment for work that was deficient, incomplete, or caused damage that another party had to correct. Common in multi-trade restoration projects where one trade's error affects another.
A bad faith claim is a legal action filed against an insurance carrier for unreasonably denying, delaying, or underpaying a valid insurance claim in violation of its contractual duty to act honestly toward the policyholder.
Betterment is a charge applied by the insurance carrier when repairs result in an upgrade over the property's pre-loss condition, such as code-required materials that did not exist on the original structure. Betterment is frequently disputed when the upgrade is mandated by current building code.
The amount deducted from an insurance claim payment when the repair or replacement results in a condition that is better than the pre-loss condition. The policyholder pays the difference between restoring to pre-loss condition and the actual upgrade.
Raised bubbles or pockets on the surface of asphalt shingles caused by trapped moisture or volatile gases in the shingle mat expanding under heat. Blisters can be mistaken for hail damage.
The temporary closure of broken windows, doors, and other openings after a fire, storm, or impact loss to secure the property against weather, pests, and intrusion. A standard mitigation activity typically covered under the insurance policy.
A static, non-mechanical exhaust vent installed through the roof deck near the ridge that allows hot air and moisture to escape the attic through convection. Also called a static vent, turtle vent, or louver vent.
A specialized property insurance policy that covers buildings under construction, renovation, or major repair. Protects the structure, materials on site, and sometimes materials in transit against covered perils during the construction period.
Authorization from the local Authority Having Jurisdiction to perform specified construction work on a property. Required for most significant construction, renovation, and restoration work and typically involves submitting plans, paying fees, and passing inspections at defined stages.
Built-up roofing is a multi-layer flat roofing system constructed by alternating layers of bitumen (asphalt or coal tar) and reinforcing fabrics, topped with a gravel or mineral cap sheet surface.
A triangular piece of material placed at the junction of a flat roof and a vertical surface to create a gradual transition. Cant strips prevent membrane cracking at 90-degree angles.
A carrier is the insurance company that underwrites the homeowner's policy, collects premiums, evaluates claims, and issues payments. In the restoration industry, 'carrier' is the standard term for the insurer - whether State Farm, Allstate, USAA, Travelers, or any other property insurance company.
The amount of time an insurance carrier takes to respond to a claim filing, supplement request, or estimate submission. Response time requirements vary by state.
An independent adjuster deployed to disaster areas after major weather events to handle the surge in insurance claims. CAT adjusters work on contract for insurance carriers during catastrophic events.
A catastrophe team is a group of adjusters, typically independent adjusters, deployed by an insurance carrier to a disaster-affected area to process a high volume of claims resulting from a single weather event.
Categories in Xactimate are the organizational structure that groups line items by trade or work area - including roofing (RFG), exteriors (EXT), plumbing (PLM), electrical (ELC), painting (PNT), and interior (INT). Category assignment directly affects O&P calculations and XactAnalysis review outcomes.
Water that is grossly contaminated and can cause severe illness or death if ingested. Includes sewage backups, flooding from rivers or streams, and any standing water that has been stagnant long enough to support microbial growth.
The category selector in Xactimate is the interface used to find and add specific line items by navigating through trade categories, subcategories, and individual selector codes.
The peril or event that directly caused property damage in an insurance claim. Identifying the cause of loss is the foundation of the coverage analysis because coverage depends on whether the cause is a covered peril under the policy.
A document confirming that a construction project has been completed according to the plans, permits, and applicable codes. Issued by the Authority Having Jurisdiction for permitted work and often required before final payment, occupancy, or transfer of property.
A one-page document that evidences the existence, type, limits, and effective dates of insurance policies. Issued by the insured's broker or carrier to project owners, general contractors, and other parties who require proof of coverage.
A documented modification to the original construction contract that adjusts scope, timeline, or cost. Used when project conditions change during construction and require changes to what was originally agreed.
A metal cover installed over the top of a chimney to prevent rain, animals, and debris from entering. Also contains a spark arrestor in many designs.
Claim documentation is the complete package of photographs, measurements, written observations, material records, and correspondence that supports the scope and value of an insurance claim.
The claim lifecycle is the complete sequence of stages an insurance claim passes through from the initial loss event to final payment and closure, including reporting, inspection, estimating, supplementing, and payment.
A claim reserve is the dollar amount an insurance carrier sets aside for a specific claim based on their initial estimate of the total payout, used for internal financial planning and claims management.
Claim severity is the total dollar amount of an insurance claim, used by carriers to classify claims and determine the level of review, adjuster assignment, and processing priority.
An insurance company employee who reviews and evaluates property damage claims from the office. Claims examiners approve or deny claims, authorize payments, and oversee the work of field adjusters.
The claims process is the end-to-end sequence from damage event to final payment, consisting of: first notice of loss (FNOL), adjuster inspection, scope of loss, initial ACV payment, repair work, supplement filing, depreciation release, and final settlement. The average residential claim takes 30-90 days to settle.
Post-remediation verification that mold contamination has been adequately reduced to normal indoor conditions. Typically performed by an independent assessor using visual inspection and sometimes air or surface sampling before occupants return.
The requirement that construction work meet the applicable building codes adopted by the local Authority Having Jurisdiction. Codes address structural integrity, life safety, energy efficiency, accessibility, and other aspects of construction and renovation.
A code upgrade is repair work required to bring damaged property up to current building codes (IRC, IBC, or local amendments), even if the pre-loss condition did not meet those codes. Code upgrades are covered under most insurance policies but are frequently disputed by carriers as betterment.
A supplement filed to cover the cost of bringing damaged areas up to current building code requirements that exceed what was originally installed. Code upgrades are covered under ordinance or law provisions.
A property insurance clause requiring the insured to maintain coverage equal to a specified percentage of the property's value, usually 80, 90, or 100 percent. If coverage is below the requirement, claim payments are reduced proportionally through the coinsurance penalty.
Collateral damage in insurance claims refers to additional damage caused to undamaged components during the process of repairing or replacing the primary damaged items.
A legal doctrine that apportions fault between parties in a negligence claim. Damages are reduced by the claimant's percentage of fault. Different states apply pure, modified, or contributory negligence rules, each producing different outcomes on mixed-fault claims.
A sealed work zone established during restoration or remediation to isolate contaminated or damaged areas from the rest of the structure. Uses polyethylene sheeting, tape, and negative air pressure to prevent cross-contamination.
The cleaning, deodorization, and restoration of personal property items damaged by fire, water, or mold. Often performed at a restoration facility after a pack-out rather than on site, using specialized equipment and techniques.
The Xactimate trade category for personal property and contents, used on claims where damaged furniture, electronics, clothing, and household items are being inventoried, cleaned, stored, or replaced. Prefix CON identifies contents-related line items.
A payment arrangement where the professional (typically a public adjuster or attorney) receives a percentage of the insurance settlement as their fee rather than charging an hourly rate. The professional is paid only if the claim is successful.
A protective cap installed on top of a parapet wall to prevent water from entering the wall assembly. Coping is typically made from sheet metal, stone, or precast concrete.
Copper flashing is a premium sheet metal used at roof penetrations, transitions, and architectural details, valued for its extreme durability, natural patina development, and lifespan exceeding 70 years.
A core sample is a small cylindrical section cut through all layers of a flat or built-up roof system and examined to determine material types, number of layers, moisture content, and hidden damage conditions.
Cosmetic damage is visible damage to a roofing component that changes its appearance but does not impair its ability to shed water, resist wind, or protect the structure from the elements.
A policy endorsement that excludes coverage for damage that affects only the appearance of roofing materials without impairing their ability to shed water or protect the structure. Commonly applied to metal roofs and sometimes to asphalt shingles.
Metal flashing embedded into masonry or a wall surface that covers the top edge of step flashing. Prevents water from getting behind the step flashing.
A shingle with a visible fold line or crease caused by wind lifting the shingle and bending it backward, or by improper handling during installation. A creased shingle has compromised structural integrity even if it lays flat again.
A peaked structure built behind a chimney or other roof obstruction to divert water around it. Prevents water and debris buildup that can cause leaks.
A deductible is the fixed dollar amount or percentage the policyholder pays out of pocket before insurance coverage applies. The deductible is subtracted from the first ACV payment, not from the depreciation release.
Equipment used in structural drying to remove water vapor from the air, lowering relative humidity so evaporation from wet materials can continue. Core equipment in every water damage mitigation project.
A denied claim is an insurance claim that the carrier has rejected entirely, refusing to issue any payment. A denial is not the final outcome - it is the starting point for appeals, supplements with stronger documentation, public adjuster involvement, or the appraisal process.
The process of eliminating odors from a structure after fire, smoke, water, or biological contamination using techniques including thermal fogging, hydroxyl generation, ozone treatment, and chemical counteractants.
Depreciation is the reduction in value of property due to age, wear, and condition. In insurance claims, depreciation is calculated per line item in Xactimate based on each component's specific age and expected useful life - not as a flat percentage across the entire claim.
The portion of the replacement cost that an insurance carrier withholds from the initial claim payment, representing the depreciation on damaged materials and labor. This amount is recoverable after repairs are completed.
A depreciation schedule is the table or formula an insurance carrier uses to calculate how much value each component of a property has lost due to age and wear, directly reducing the actual cash value payment on a claim.
A dehumidification method that removes moisture from air by passing it over a rotating wheel or bed of silica gel or other desiccant material. More effective than refrigerant dehumidifiers in cold or low-humidity environments.
A desk adjuster is an insurance claims professional who reviews, processes, and makes decisions on claims from an office without visiting the property in person.
A comprehensive collection of evidence supporting a supplement or claim, including photographs, measurements, estimates, code references, and manufacturer specifications.
A structural element that projects from a sloped roof, typically containing a window. Adds usable space and light but creates complex flashing details.
A structural extension that projects from a sloping roof, typically containing a window. Dormers add headroom, light, and ventilation to attic spaces.
A vertical pipe that carries water from the gutter to the ground or drainage system. Proper sizing and placement prevents overflow and foundation damage.
An L-shaped metal strip installed along the edges of a roof to direct water away from the fascia and into the gutter system. Required by most building codes.
The specific cross-sectional shape of drip edge metal, typically classified as Type C (L-shaped), Type D (T-shaped with a kick), or Type F (also called gutter apron). The profile determines how water is directed off the roof edge.
Dry-in is the roofing construction step between tear-off and final installation in which the exposed deck is protected with underlayment (synthetic felt or ice and water shield) to prevent water intrusion. Dry-in is a separate billable step with its own Xactimate line items.
The target moisture content that affected materials must reach to be considered restored after water damage. Typically set to the equilibrium moisture content of similar unaffected materials in the same structure.
The policyholder's obligation to assist the carrier in investigating and adjusting a claim, including providing information, allowing inspections, submitting requested documentation, and participating in examinations under oath if requested.
The policyholder's contractual obligation to take reasonable steps after a loss to prevent further damage. Nearly every property insurance policy requires mitigation, and failure to mitigate can reduce or void coverage for preventable additional damage.
Dwelling coverage (Coverage A) is the portion of a homeowner's insurance policy that covers damage to the physical structure of the home - including the roof, walls, foundation, and built-in appliances. Dwelling coverage has its own limit, separate from contents, other structures, and liability.
The lower edge of a roof that overhangs the exterior wall. Eaves direct water away from the siding and provide shade.
The temporary installation of tarps or similar materials over a damaged roof to prevent further water intrusion while permanent repairs are pending. A core mitigation activity typically covered under the insurance policy as part of the duty to mitigate.
A written amendment to an insurance policy that adds, removes, or modifies coverage. Also called a rider. Used to customize standard policies for specific needs.
Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) is a synthetic rubber single-ply membrane used on low-slope and flat roofs, recognized by its black surface and available in large seamless sheets.
The moisture content a hygroscopic building material reaches when exposed to a stable temperature and relative humidity. Used as the baseline drying goal in structural drying because it represents the pre-loss normal condition for materials in that environment.
A modification to an existing insurance estimate that changes quantities, adds line items, removes line items, or adjusts pricing. Revisions are part of the normal claims negotiation process.
A set of professional standards and techniques for writing accurate, complete, and defensible Xactimate estimates that maximize legitimate recovery while passing carrier review.
A professional who calculates the cost of repairing or replacing damaged property by quantifying materials, labor, and overhead. In insurance restoration, estimators typically work in Xactimate and produce the estimates that drive claim payments.
An ESX file is the native project file format for Xactimate, containing the complete estimate - including editable line items, pricing, sketch data, photos, and notes. ESX is the required format for submitting estimates through XactAnalysis to insurance carriers.
A sworn, recorded interview of the insured by the carrier's attorney as part of the claim investigation. Authorized by the cooperation clause in most property policies and typically used on larger, unusual, or suspicious claims to gather testimony before the claim is decided.
A provision in an insurance policy that eliminates coverage for specific risks, hazards, or types of damage. Common exclusions include flood, earthquake, and normal wear and tear.
The horizontal board that runs along the lower edge of the roof, attached to the rafter tails. Supports the gutter system and provides a finished appearance.
Traditional asphalt-saturated paper used as roof underlayment. Available in 15-lb and 30-lb weights. Being replaced by synthetic underlayment in many markets.
A field adjuster is an insurance claims professional who physically inspects damaged properties, documents conditions on site, and writes or verifies the initial scope of loss estimate.
The formal review that verifies a construction project meets all applicable codes and contract requirements before it is accepted as complete. Typically performed by the local Authority Having Jurisdiction and sometimes separately by the owner, architect, or project manager.
Fire damage is property damage caused by fire, including structural damage from flames, smoke damage throughout the property, and water damage from firefighting efforts. Fire claims are among the most complex and highest-value residential restoration claims, typically involving 8-10 trades.
The full process of returning a fire-damaged structure to a pre-loss condition, including emergency stabilization, demolition of unsalvageable materials, smoke and soot cleaning, odor removal, water damage mitigation from firefighting, and reconstruction.
First Notice of Loss (FNOL) is the initial report a policyholder files with their insurance carrier after property damage occurs. FNOL triggers the claims process, assigns a claim number, and starts the clock on all claim-related deadlines including supplement filing windows and depreciation recovery periods.
First Notice of Loss (FNOL) is the initial report filed by a policyholder with their insurance carrier to notify them that a covered event has occurred and a claim is being made.
Sheet metal installed at roof transitions, penetrations, and intersections to direct water away from vulnerable areas. Common materials include aluminum, galvanized steel, and copper.
Flashing tape is a self-adhesive, waterproof membrane strip used to seal window and door rough openings, roof-to-wall transitions, and other joints where traditional metal flashing is impractical.
A fixed dollar deductible that applies to a claim regardless of the size of the loss. The insured pays this amount first and the carrier pays the remainder up to policy limits.
A licensed engineer who investigates the cause and origin of property damage, often retained by insurance carriers or policyholders to provide expert opinions on whether damage was caused by a covered peril.
Functional damage is storm or impact damage that impairs the ability of a roofing component to perform its intended purpose of shedding water and protecting the structure, as opposed to damage that only affects appearance.
The triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches. Gable ends are common points of wind damage during storms.
A roof design with two sloping sides that meet at a central ridge, forming a triangular shape at each end. The most common residential roof style.
Galvanized steel flashing is zinc-coated sheet metal used to direct water away from critical roof intersections, penetrations, and transitions, offering corrosion resistance at a moderate cost.
The construction professional responsible for managing a project end to end, including coordinating subcontractors, scheduling, permits, and quality control. In insurance restoration, the GC coordinates all trades from mitigation through final reconstruction.
Commercial insurance that protects a contractor against claims of bodily injury or property damage caused to third parties during business operations. The foundational policy required by most general contracting work.
The displacement of the protective mineral granules embedded in the surface of asphalt shingles. Granule loss can result from hail impact, foot traffic, manufacturing defect, or normal aging, and it exposes the underlying asphalt to UV degradation.
A channel attached along the eave of a roof that collects and redirects rainwater to downspouts. Prevents water from pooling at the foundation.
The complete assembly of gutters, downspouts, elbows, hangers, and end caps that collects rainwater from the roof edge and channels it away from the foundation. Typically aluminum, copper, or galvanized steel.
Hail damage is property damage caused by hailstones to roofing, siding, gutters, HVAC units, and other exposed surfaces. Hail is the number one driver of residential property insurance claims in the United States, with annual insured losses averaging $10-14 billion (Insurance Information Institute).
The external angle formed where two sloping roof planes meet along a line running from the ridge to the eave. Hip ridges require cap shingles and are measured separately from the main ridge in roofing estimates.
A roof design where all sides slope downward to the walls. More structurally stable than gable roofs and better at resisting wind uplift.
A contractual clause in which one party agrees not to hold the other party liable for certain risks, losses, or damages arising from the work or the contract. Common in construction and restoration contracts between property owners and contractors.
Holdback is the industry term for recoverable depreciation - the portion of the insurance claim that the carrier withholds until the policyholder completes repairs and submits proof of completion. Holdback, depreciation holdback, and recoverable depreciation are used interchangeably.
A device that produces hydroxyl radicals using UV light to neutralize odors, volatile organic compounds, and biological contaminants in the air. Safe to use in occupied spaces, unlike ozone generators.
A self-adhering, rubberized asphalt membrane applied to vulnerable areas of the roof deck before shingle installation, providing a waterproof seal around nail penetrations. Required by code in eave areas, valleys, and around penetrations in cold climates.
A self-adhesive waterproof membrane applied to the roof deck in vulnerable areas like valleys, eaves, and around penetrations. Required by code in cold climates.
Ice dam damage is structural and interior damage caused when ice accumulates at the roof edge, preventing snowmelt from draining and forcing water under the shingles and into the building structure. Ice dam claims are among the most frequently denied claim types in residential insurance.
The Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification, the nonprofit standards body that writes consensus-based standards for the inspection, cleaning, and restoration industries. IICRC standards (S500, S520, S700, S540, and others) are referenced throughout the restoration industry.
The impact resistance rating classifies roofing materials by their ability to withstand hail impact, measured on a scale of Class 1 (lowest) to Class 4 (highest) using the UL 2218 steel ball drop test.
A contractual obligation for one party to protect another from loss or liability. In construction contracts, indemnification clauses allocate which party pays for specific types of claims that arise during the project, often requiring contractors to indemnify owners for damages caused by the contractor's work.
The principle of restoring a party to the financial position they were in before a loss, without providing a windfall. Insurance indemnifies the insured by paying the amount needed to repair or replace damaged property, less any applicable deductibles and depreciation.
An independent adjuster (IA) is a claims adjuster who works on contract for the insurance carrier rather than as a direct employee. Independent adjusters are typically deployed during catastrophe events when the carrier's staff adjusters cannot handle the claim volume.
An independent adjuster (IA) is a licensed claims professional contracted by insurance carriers on a per-claim or per-event basis, most commonly deployed during catastrophe events when the carrier's staff cannot handle claim volume.
An infrared inspection uses a thermal imaging camera to detect temperature variations on roof surfaces, walls, and ceilings that indicate hidden moisture, insulation gaps, or air leaks invisible to the naked eye.
An inspection protocol is the standardized, step-by-step procedure followed during a property damage assessment to ensure thorough, consistent, and defensible documentation of all damage and conditions.
Labor cost is the workforce component of every Xactimate line item, calculated per unit (per square for roofing, per square foot for siding, per linear foot for gutters). Labor rates are based on Verisk's regional pricing databases, which are updated monthly.
A labor minimum in Xactimate is the smallest amount of labor time charged for a line item, ensuring that even small tasks reflect the realistic setup, travel, and execution time required.
A disagreement over the hourly or unit-based labor rates applied in an insurance estimate. Labor rate disputes often arise when Xactimate rates do not reflect actual local labor market conditions.
A document in which a contractor or subcontractor waives their right to file a mechanics lien against the property, typically in exchange for payment. Used throughout a project to confirm that each party has been paid and no outstanding lien claims exist.
Like kind and quality is the insurance standard requiring that replacement materials match the original materials in type, grade, and performance characteristics, though not necessarily the exact same brand or product.
A disagreement between the contractor and the insurance carrier over a specific line item in the estimate, including whether it belongs in the scope, the quantity, or the pricing.
Line items are individual entries in an Xactimate estimate, each representing a specific material, labor task, or service with a selector code, description, quantity, unit of measure, and price from the Verisk regional database. A typical residential roofing estimate contains 30-50 line items.
Line items are the individual entries in an Xactimate estimate, each representing a specific task, material, or service with its own unit price, quantity, and trade category classification.
The formal process of resolving a dispute through the court system. Insurance litigation can involve coverage disputes, bad-faith claims, scope-of-work disagreements, or other issues that cannot be resolved through negotiation, appraisal, mediation, or arbitration.
The specific date when the insured property was damaged by the covered peril. Determines which policy terms apply, starts statute of limitations clocks, and establishes the timeline for reporting and filing requirements.
Loss of use (Coverage D) is the insurance coverage that pays for a policyholder's additional living expenses when their home is uninhabitable during covered repairs. Loss of use is a separate coverage from the property repair estimate, with its own limit typically set at 20-30% of dwelling coverage.
The section of a homeowner's insurance policy (Coverage D) that pays for additional expenses incurred when the home is uninhabitable due to a covered loss, including temporary housing, meals, and storage.
A roof with a slope of less than 3:12 (less than 3 inches of vertical rise per 12 inches of horizontal run). Low-slope roofs use membrane or built-up roofing systems rather than shingles.
A saved group of commonly used Xactimate line items that can be inserted together as a set. Accelerates estimate writing for repetitive scope patterns like a standard bathroom water loss, kitchen fire cleanup, or roof shingle replacement.
Macros are pre-built sequences of line items in Xactimate that are inserted into an estimate with a single command. Macros reduce estimate creation time from approximately 3 hours to 45 minutes for a standard residential re-roof.
Macros in Xactimate are pre-built templates that automatically populate a group of related line items when applied to an estimate, saving time and reducing the chance of missing standard items.
A managed repair program is a carrier-administered network where the insurance company directs policyholders to pre-approved contractors who agree to work within the carrier's pricing, scope, and quality guidelines.
A policy provision or state regulation that requires the insurance carrier to pay for replacement of undamaged materials when the damaged materials cannot be reasonably matched in color, style, or appearance after a partial loss.
A matching requirement is the standard that repaired or replaced materials must reasonably match the existing undamaged materials on the property in color, profile, size, and appearance.
A material order is the process of ordering specific construction materials from a supplier based on the approved Xactimate estimate. Material order accuracy is critical for preventing job-site delays and ensuring materials match what the carrier approved and will pay for.
The use of a higher-grade or different material than what was originally installed, either because the original is discontinued or because building codes require a better product.
The percentage added to material quantities in an Xactimate estimate to account for cutting, fitting, breakage, and unusable remnants during installation.
Physical damage to roofing materials caused by human activity, equipment, or objects rather than weather events. Includes foot traffic scuffing, dropped tools, HVAC equipment installation, and antenna mounting.
A legal claim filed against a property by a contractor, subcontractor, or supplier who has not been paid for work or materials provided to the project. Mechanics liens encumber the property title and can force payment during a sale or refinance.
A voluntary dispute resolution process in which a neutral mediator helps the parties negotiate a settlement. The mediator facilitates but does not decide; any resolution requires agreement from both sides.
The policyholder's duty to take reasonable steps to prevent further damage after a loss. Mitigation expenses are typically covered by the insurance policy, and failure to mitigate can reduce or void coverage.
A trained professional who performs emergency services to prevent further damage after a loss event, including water extraction, board-up, tarp installation, and debris removal.
Modified bitumen is a flat roofing membrane made from asphalt reinforced with polyester or fiberglass and modified with polymers (APP or SBS) for improved flexibility, durability, and weather resistance.
The amount of water contained in a building material, expressed as a percentage of the material's dry weight. Measured with moisture meters to assess damage, track drying progress, and verify restoration completion.
The systematic documentation of moisture content readings across a structure during water damage assessment. Creates a visual or data record showing where moisture exists and how it migrates, used to plan drying and track progress.
A handheld device that measures the moisture content of building materials. Used throughout water damage restoration to assess initial damage, plan drying, monitor progress, and verify completion.
The inspection and evaluation of a structure to determine the extent, cause, and scope of mold contamination. Completed before remediation begins to define the project scope and ensure the moisture source is identified and addressed.
Mold damage is property damage caused by mold growth, typically following water intrusion that was not properly mitigated within 24-48 hours. Mold coverage is heavily restricted or excluded in most insurance policies, with many carriers capping coverage at $5,000-$10,000 regardless of actual remediation costs.
The structured process of removing mold contamination from a building and restoring affected areas to a normal condition. Governed by the IICRC S520 standard, which defines assessment, containment, removal, cleaning, and verification procedures.
The specific placement and spacing of nails when installing roofing materials. Manufacturers specify nail patterns for warranty compliance, and high-wind zones require enhanced nailing.
A condition where a roofing nail backs out of the deck and pushes the shingle above it upward, creating a raised bump that can break the shingle seal and allow water infiltration.
An insurance policy that only covers losses from specific perils listed in the policy, such as fire, wind, or hail. If the cause of damage is not named, it is not covered.
A separate deductible that applies only to losses caused by a storm that has been officially named by the National Hurricane Center or a similar meteorological authority. Typically expressed as a percentage of the dwelling coverage.
A ventilation condition where air pressure inside a contained work area is lower than the surrounding space, causing air to flow inward through any gaps rather than outward. Prevents contaminated air from escaping the work zone.
Non-recoverable depreciation is depreciation that cannot be claimed back under any circumstances. Non-recoverable depreciation applies under ACV-only policies (where the insurer pays only the depreciated value) or when the carrier determines a specific component has exceeded its useful life.
The policyholder's formal communication to the insurance carrier that a covered loss has occurred. Required by the policy, often within a specific timeframe, and is the event that begins the claim adjudication process.
Overhead and Profit (O&P) is a 20% markup (10% overhead + 10% profit) added to an insurance estimate when a general contractor manages multiple trades on a single claim. O&P is built into Xactimate as an industry-standard calculation and is supported by most state insurance departments.
A single event, or a series of continuous or repeated exposures to substantially the same conditions, that results in property damage or bodily injury. Each occurrence generally triggers a separate deductible and a separate per-occurrence limit on the policy.
An insurance coverage, often added by endorsement, that pays the additional cost to bring a damaged building up to current building codes during repairs. Covers the gap between restoring to pre-loss condition and meeting current code requirements.
A type of roof decking made from compressed wood strands bonded with resin. Less expensive than plywood but more susceptible to moisture damage if exposed.
A disagreement between the contractor and insurance carrier over whether overhead and profit (O&P) should be included in the estimate. O&P is the general contractor's markup for managing the project.
Override pricing is the process of replacing an Xactimate default unit price with a custom price supported by documentation, typically when actual market costs exceed the regional price list.
An odor removal method using an ozone generator to produce O3 gas, which chemically reacts with odor-causing molecules. Effective for smoke odor and certain biological odors but requires unoccupied conditions and careful handling because ozone is harmful to humans and pets.
The systematic removal of contents from a damaged structure to a restoration facility or secure storage, with inventory documentation, for off-site cleaning or safekeeping during reconstruction.
A low wall extending above the roofline at the edge of a flat or low-slope roof. Parapets provide fall protection and a finished appearance to commercial buildings.
A self-adhering roofing membrane with a factory-applied adhesive backing that bonds to the roof deck without heat, nails, or separate adhesive, used for underlayment and waterproofing in critical areas.
A peer review in insurance is an evaluation of a claim estimate or scope by a second adjuster, engineer, or specialist to verify accuracy, typically ordered by the carrier when they question the original assessment.
A deductible calculated as a percentage of the dwelling coverage rather than a fixed dollar amount. Commonly applied to wind, hail, hurricane, and named-storm perils in storm-prone regions.
A rubber or metal collar that seals around plumbing vent pipes where they penetrate the roof. One of the most common sources of roof leaks when the rubber cracks.
A prefabricated rubber or neoprene boot with a metal flange installed around plumbing vent pipes that penetrate the roof surface. Seals the gap between the pipe and the surrounding shingles to prevent water infiltration.
The steepness of a roof expressed as a ratio of vertical rise to horizontal run. A 6/12 pitch means the roof rises 6 inches for every 12 inches of horizontal distance.
A type of roof decking made from layered wood veneers glued together. Generally more moisture-resistant than OSB and preferred in humid climates.
A written amendment attached to an insurance policy that adds, removes, or modifies coverage, terms, or conditions. Endorsements override the base policy language for the specific provisions they address.
Policy limits are the maximum amounts an insurance policy will pay for a covered loss. Dwelling coverage, contents, other structures, and loss of use each have separate, independent limits listed on the declarations page.
The policyholder is the person or entity named on the insurance policy. In residential restoration, the policyholder is the homeowner and is the only party with legal standing to file, manage, or authorize actions on an insurance claim.
Water that remains standing on a roof surface for more than 48 hours after rainfall. Common on flat and low-slope commercial roofs, ponding accelerates membrane deterioration and adds structural load.
An electrically powered exhaust fan installed on the roof or gable wall that actively pulls hot air from the attic. Controlled by a thermostat or humidistat that activates the fan when attic conditions reach a set threshold.
Pre-existing damage is deterioration, deficiency, or impairment that was present on the property before the claimed loss event occurred, which the insurance carrier is not responsible for covering.
A preferred vendor program is a network of contractors that an insurance carrier recommends to policyholders, offering the contractors referral volume in exchange for meeting specific service and quality standards.
The amount of money the insured pays to the carrier in exchange for coverage under an insurance policy. Premium is based on risk assessment factors including coverage limits, deductibles, property value, location, and claims history.
A geographic area in Xactimate with its own set of labor and material prices based on local market conditions. Price lists are updated monthly by Verisk using actual contractor pricing data from each region.
Manually adjusting the default Xactimate unit price for a line item to reflect actual documented costs. Used when regional database pricing does not match the contractor's supplier costs, labor rates, or specialty material pricing.
A disagreement between the contractor and insurance carrier over the unit prices, labor rates, or material costs applied to line items in the estimate.
The regional database of unit prices Xactimate uses to calculate estimate totals. Updated periodically by Verisk and specific to geographic pricing regions. Each estimate uses the pricing list matched to the job location.
Production orders are documents generated from an Xactimate estimate that list the specific materials, quantities, and labor tasks needed to complete a job. Production orders translate the insurance estimate into actionable work instructions for crews and suppliers.
A payment structure where the contractor invoices the property owner or insurance carrier at predetermined milestones during the project rather than requesting full payment at completion. Common on large restoration and reconstruction projects.
Periodic payments made to a contractor during construction based on the percentage of work completed. Allows contractors to cover labor and materials as work progresses rather than waiting for full payment at project completion.
The person responsible for coordinating all aspects of a restoration project, from initial assessment through final completion, including managing subcontractors, scheduling, and communication with the carrier.
A proof of loss is a sworn, notarized statement the policyholder submits to the insurance carrier documenting the exact dollar amount of damage claimed. Missing the submission deadline - typically 60-90 days from the carrier's request, under most state regulations - can void the claim entirely.
A sworn, notarized document required by the insurance carrier in which the policyholder formally states the facts of the loss, the amount claimed, and the cause of damage. Failure to submit a timely proof of loss can result in claim denial.
Physical injury to or destruction of tangible property, including the loss of use of that property. In a liability context, refers to damage a contractor causes to someone else's property.
The dominant, efficient cause that sets in motion a chain of events resulting in a loss. Insurance coverage is generally triggered by whether the proximate cause is a covered peril, not by intermediate steps in the chain of events.
The science of measuring and analyzing the thermodynamic properties of air-water vapor mixtures. In restoration, psychrometric readings (temperature, humidity, dew point, grains per pound) guide drying strategy and equipment placement.
A public adjuster (PA) is a licensed professional who represents the policyholder exclusively in an insurance claim, working on contingency of 5-15% of the final settlement. A Florida study (OPPAGA/FAPIA) found that settlements average 19% higher with public adjuster involvement, even after the PA's fee.
A list of incomplete or defective items identified during final walkthrough that must be addressed before the project is accepted as complete. The punch list is the bridge between substantial completion and final completion.
The inclined edge of a roof that runs from the eave to the ridge along a gable end. The rake is finished with drip edge, fascia, or trim to protect the exposed edge of the roof deck.
Replacement Cost Value (RCV) is the cost to repair or replace damaged property with materials of like kind and quality at current prices, with no deduction for depreciation. RCV is the ceiling of the claim from which all other numbers - ACV, depreciation, and deductible - are calculated.
A re-inspection is a follow-up property inspection requested by either the carrier or the contractor after the initial scope of loss is challenged through a supplement. The carrier sends a re-inspector to verify the additional damage claims before approving payment.
A re-inspection is a follow-up property inspection requested by either the contractor, the homeowner, or the carrier to reassess damage, verify findings, or evaluate items disputed in the original scope.
The process of installing a new roof, either by overlaying new shingles on existing ones or by tearing off the old roof first. Most codes limit overlays to two layers.
Recoverable depreciation is the portion of the insurance claim that the carrier withholds until repairs are completed and documented. On a replacement cost policy, recoverable depreciation is released after the homeowner submits invoices and photos of completed work within the policy's recovery deadline.
A narrow groove or channel cut into masonry or concrete to receive the top edge of counter flashing or apron flashing. Creates a mechanical lock that secures the flashing without relying solely on sealant.
An insurance claim that was previously closed but is opened again because additional damage was discovered, a supplement was submitted, or the original payment was disputed.
A written notice from the carrier to the insured stating that the carrier will continue investigating or paying for the claim but reserves the right to later deny coverage if the investigation reveals a reason to do so. Used when coverage is uncertain at the outset.
A formal letter from the insurance carrier notifying the policyholder that the carrier is investigating the claim but reserving the right to deny coverage based on specific policy provisions. Not a denial, but a warning.
A percentage of each progress payment withheld by the owner until final completion and inspection. Common retainage is 5 to 10 percent. The held-back funds are released at project closeout, giving the owner financial leverage to ensure punch-list items are completed.
Specially shaped shingles installed along the peak (ridge) of a roof where two slopes meet. Provides waterproofing and a finished appearance at the highest point.
A ventilation product installed along the peak of a roof that allows hot air to escape from the attic. Works with soffit vents to create passive airflow.
Roof cement is a thick, asphalt-based sealant used to bond roofing materials, seal flashing, and make temporary or permanent repairs at joints, seams, and penetrations.
The structural sheathing (typically plywood or OSB) attached to the roof trusses or rafters that forms the base surface for the entire roofing system. All underlayment, flashing, and shingles are installed on top of the roof deck.
The structural base layer of a roof, typically plywood or OSB, attached to the rafters or trusses. Everything else - underlayment, shingles - sits on top of the decking.
Any object or structure that passes through the roof surface, including plumbing vents, HVAC curbs, exhaust fans, skylights, and satellite dish mounts. Each penetration requires proper flashing.
The steepness of a roof expressed as a ratio of vertical rise to horizontal run, written as X/12. A 6/12 pitch means the roof rises 6 inches for every 12 inches of horizontal distance.
A unit of measurement equal to 100 square feet of roof area. Roofing materials, labor, and insurance estimates are priced per square. A 2,000 square foot roof equals 20 squares.
A pre-engineered structural framework made of lumber and metal connector plates that supports the roof deck and transfers the roof load to the exterior walls. Trusses are manufactured off-site and installed as complete units.
The system of intake (soffit) and exhaust (ridge, turbine, or power vents) that moves air through the attic. Proper ventilation prevents moisture damage and extends roof life.
An independent roofing professional who provides expert opinions, inspections, and recommendations. Roofing consultants may work for building owners, contractors, or insurance carriers.
Roofing sealant is a flexible, weather-resistant compound applied to seams, joints, fasteners, and transitions to prevent water penetration, available in caulk, spray, and tape-applied formats.
A unit of measurement equal to 100 square feet of roof area. Roofing materials, labor, and pricing are typically quoted per square.
The IICRC's ANSI-accredited standard for professional water damage restoration. Defines categories of water intrusion, classes of damage, equipment use, documentation requirements, and conditions for completing a water damage restoration project.
The IICRC's ANSI-accredited standard for professional mold remediation. Defines inspection and assessment procedures, containment categories, remediation methods, personal protective equipment, and post-remediation verification for mold-contaminated buildings.
Damaged property that retains some residual value after a loss, and the insurance carrier's right to take possession of that property after paying the claim. Salvage rights reduce the net cost of the claim to the carrier.
A roof measurement method that uses high-resolution aerial or satellite imagery combined with software algorithms to calculate roof area, slope, penetrations, and edge lengths without requiring physical access to the roof.
The scope of work is the specific set of repairs to be performed on a project as defined by the estimate. The scope of work overlaps with the scope of loss but serves a different purpose: the scope of loss is the adjuster's damage assessment, while the scope of work is what the contractor actually builds from.
A written document signed by the contractor, homeowner, and sometimes the insurance carrier that confirms the agreed-upon scope of work, materials, and pricing before restoration work begins. Prevents disputes about what was included in the project.
The uncontrolled expansion of project requirements beyond the original agreed scope. Scope creep typically increases cost and timeline, and happens when changes are added informally without being formalized through change orders.
The documented extent and type of damage to a property, including affected areas, materials, and quantities. The scope of damage forms the basis of the insurance estimate.
A scope of loss is the adjuster's written, line-by-line inventory of all damage at a property and the estimated cost to repair it. Created in Xactimate, the scope of loss determines the initial claim payment and serves as the baseline for any supplements.
A scope sheet is the document or form used during a property inspection to record all observed damage, measurements, materials, and conditions before writing the formal Xactimate estimate.
An opening in a parapet wall or roof edge that allows water to drain from a flat roof surface into a downspout or directly away from the building.
The alphanumeric code that identifies a specific line item in Xactimate. Combines the trade category prefix with an item identifier to uniquely reference each piece of scope.
Siding damage is damage to exterior siding materials (vinyl, fiber cement, LP SmartSide, wood, or aluminum) caused by wind, hail, impact, or moisture intrusion. Siding damage is among the most commonly missed items on residential insurance claims because adjusters typically focus on the roof.
Sketch is Xactimate's built-in diagramming tool for creating floor plans, roof layouts, and property measurements. Sketch data drives all quantity calculations for line items in the estimate - a 2-square error in a roof sketch can swing the estimate by $600-$1,200.
The Sketch tool in Xactimate is the built-in diagramming feature used to draw the roof, floor plan, or exterior of a property to generate accurate measurements for the estimate.
A window installed in the roof surface to provide natural light. A common source of leaks when flashing deteriorates or installation is improper.
The angle of a roof surface, often used interchangeably with pitch. Steeper slopes shed water faster but are more difficult and expensive to work on.
Damage to a structure, contents, and interior surfaces caused by the products of combustion during a fire. Smoke damage can extend far beyond the burned area through airflow and migrates into unaffected spaces through HVAC systems, wall cavities, and hidden pathways.
A device installed on a roof surface to prevent large sheets of snow and ice from sliding off the roof in an uncontrolled manner. Snow guards are most common on metal and slate roofs.
The material covering the underside of the roof overhang (eave). Often vented to allow airflow into the attic for proper ventilation.
Perforated or slotted openings installed in the soffit panels beneath the roof overhang that allow fresh outside air to enter the attic space as part of the roof ventilation system.
Soft metal damage refers to dents, dings, and deformations caused by hail or debris impact on ductile metal components like aluminum gutters, vents, and flashing that deform without cracking.
The fine black particulate produced by incomplete combustion that deposits on surfaces during a fire. Soot contains carbon, potentially toxic byproducts from burned materials, and often leaves acidic residues that can corrode metals and etch finishes if not addressed quickly.
A staff adjuster is a claims adjuster employed full-time by the insurance carrier who handles day-to-day claims in a defined geographic territory. Staff adjusters know local building codes and pricing, and their scopes tend to be more thorough than independent adjusters' work.
A staff adjuster is a full-time employee of an insurance carrier who handles claims year-round in an assigned territory, bringing deep knowledge of carrier-specific guidelines and local market conditions.
A metal roofing system with raised interlocking seams that run vertically from the ridge to the eave, providing superior weather resistance and a lifespan of 40 to 70 years.
A row of shingles or specialized starter material installed along the eaves and rakes before the first course of shingles. Provides adhesive bonding and water protection.
A pre-cut or trimmed shingle strip installed along the eaves and rakes before the first course of shingles. Provides a continuous adhesive seal line and covers the gaps between the first course tab cutouts.
The legal deadline by which a lawsuit must be filed after an event. For insurance disputes, statutes of limitations set the time window within which a policyholder can sue the carrier over coverage, payment, or bad-faith claims.
A roof with a slope of 3:12 or greater. Most residential roofs are steep-slope and use shingles, tiles, or metal panels as the primary waterproofing layer.
L-shaped pieces of metal installed where a roof meets a vertical wall, such as a chimney or dormer. Each piece overlaps the one below to channel water down the roof.
The practice of roofing contractors traveling to areas hit by severe weather to solicit homeowners for insurance restoration work. A controversial industry practice that ranges from legitimate storm response to predatory door-knocking.
Storm damage is a general category covering any property damage caused by severe weather - wind, hail, rain, tornado, or a combination. Storm damage claims typically involve multiple damage types on a single property and multiple trades, making them the strongest case for overhead and profit.
The controlled process of removing absorbed moisture from building materials after a water loss, using air movers, dehumidifiers, and monitoring equipment to reach a target drying goal consistent with IICRC S500.
A specialized trade contractor hired by a general contractor to perform specific scope on a project. Subcontractors bring trade expertise (roofing, electrical, plumbing, drywall, painting) and work under the coordination of the GC.
Subrogation is the legal process by which an insurance carrier pays the policyholder's claim and then pursues recovery from the third party responsible for causing the damage - such as a neighbor's insurer after their tree falls on the policyholder's roof.
A contractual provision in which one party waives the right to pursue subrogation claims against another party. Common in construction contracts to prevent the property owner's insurer from suing the contractor after paying a claim.
A supplement is a formal request to increase the payout on an existing insurance claim when the original scope of loss misses damage, underestimates quantities, or excludes code-required work. Supplements average a 34.4% increase in RCV on residential claims (The Supplement Experts).
Confirmation from an insurance carrier that additional line items or amounts submitted in a supplement request have been accepted and will be paid.
A carrier's rejection of some or all line items in a supplement request. Denials must include a reason and can be appealed with additional documentation.
A formal submission to an insurance carrier requesting additional payment for damage or repairs not included in the original estimate. Supplements are supported by photos, measurements, and documentation.
A three-party agreement in which a surety company guarantees that a contractor (the principal) will fulfill an obligation to a project owner or licensing body (the obligee). If the contractor defaults, the surety pays the obligee and then pursues recovery from the contractor.
Synthetic felt is a lightweight, water-resistant roofing underlayment made from woven or spun polypropylene, serving as a secondary moisture barrier between the roof deck and the shingles.
A woven or non-woven polypropylene roof underlayment that is lighter, stronger, and more slip-resistant than traditional felt paper. Increasingly required by shingle manufacturers.
Tear-off is the complete removal of existing roofing materials down to the bare wood deck before installing new materials. Tear-off includes removal labor and disposal costs (dump fees, dumpster rental), and is one of the highest-cost line items on any re-roof estimate.
Short-term repairs made after a loss to prevent further damage while permanent repairs are being planned, priced, or performed. Covered under the duty to mitigate and typically billed as mitigation work separate from the final repair scope.
A test square is a measured area on a roof, typically 10 feet by 10 feet (100 square feet), used by adjusters and inspectors to count and document hail hits, wind damage, or other storm impacts per unit area.
The use of infrared cameras to detect temperature differences on surfaces, used in restoration to identify hidden moisture, air leaks, and insulation gaps. Moisture generally reads as cooler surface temperatures due to evaporative cooling, helping technicians locate wet areas without destructive investigation.
An inspection technique using infrared (thermal) cameras to detect temperature differences in building surfaces that indicate hidden moisture, insulation gaps, air leaks, or structural anomalies invisible to the naked eye.
Damage to roofing materials caused by rapid, extreme temperature changes that cause sudden expansion or contraction. Most common on flat roofs with dark membranes exposed to direct sunlight followed by sudden rain or nighttime cooling.
A third-party administrator is an outside company hired by an insurance carrier to manage specific functions of the claims process, including contractor networks, estimate review, and payment processing.
The three-trade rule is the industry standard stating that when three or more distinct trades are required on a single insurance claim, the 20% overhead and profit markup (10% overhead + 10% profit) should be included in the Xactimate estimate. The three-trade rule is supported by Xactimate's own documentation and most state insurance departments.
A total loss determination occurs when an insurance carrier concludes that the cost to repair the damaged property equals or exceeds its insured value, resulting in a payout of the policy limits rather than repair costs.
Thermoplastic Polyolefin (TPO) is a single-ply membrane roofing material used primarily on low-slope and flat commercial and residential roofs, known for its heat-welded seams and energy-efficient white reflective surface.
The three-letter code Xactimate uses at the start of each line item to identify the trade or category of work. Examples include RFG (roofing), PLM (plumbing), ELT (electrical), PNT (painting), DRY (drywall), and WTR (water mitigation).
Trade groups are the classification system in Xactimate that organizes work by the type of trade performing it (roofing, siding, plumbing, electrical, painting, etc.). The number of trade groups assigned to an estimate directly determines O&P eligibility via the three-trade rule.
A wind-powered rotary exhaust vent installed on the roof that uses wind energy to spin internal vanes, actively pulling hot air and moisture from the attic. Also called a whirlybird vent.
A supplemental liability insurance policy that provides additional coverage above the limits of the underlying homeowner's, auto, or business liability policies. Does not cover property damage to the policyholder's own home.
An umpire is a neutral third party appointed during the insurance appraisal process when the policyholder's appraiser and the carrier's appraiser cannot agree on the value of a loss. The umpire's decision, combined with agreement from either appraiser, becomes a binding award.
A neutral third party selected by the two opposing appraisers during the insurance appraisal process to break a deadlock on claim valuation. The umpire's agreement with either appraiser creates a binding award.
A protective layer installed between the roof deck and shingles that provides a secondary barrier against water infiltration. Available in felt and synthetic options.
Underpayment is when the insurance carrier pays a claim but the amount is insufficient to cover the actual cost of repairs. Underpayment is the default outcome on residential property claims - with the average initial scope written at 50-65% of actual repair costs, 35-50% of claim value requires recovery through supplements.
The cost per unit of measurement for a line item in Xactimate. Units vary by item type — square feet, linear feet, each, squares (100 square feet), hours, pounds, or gallons. The unit price multiplied by the quantity yields the line item total.
The internal angle formed where two roof slopes meet. Valleys channel water runoff and are a common point of leaks if not properly flashed.
Pre-formed or custom-bent sheet metal installed in the crease where two roof slopes meet, channeling water down the valley and off the roof. Valleys are high-volume water paths and a leading source of leaks when flashing fails.
A state law requiring insurance companies to pay the full policy face value for a total loss, regardless of the actual value of the property at the time of the loss. Currently enacted in approximately 20 states.
A moisture-resistant material (typically polyethylene sheeting or specialized membrane) installed on the warm side of insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors to prevent water vapor from migrating into the building assembly and condensing.
A contract provision in which one party (typically the insured) agrees not to pursue recovery against another party, and requires their insurance carrier to similarly waive the right to subrogate against that party after paying a claim.
Waste factor is the percentage of additional material ordered beyond exact measurements to account for cuts, breakage, defects, and roof geometry. The industry standard waste factor for simple gable roofs is 10-15%, but complex hip-and-valley roofs require 18-22% waste.
Water damage is property damage caused by water intrusion, plumbing failures, appliance leaks, or flooding. Water damage claims are fundamentally different from weather damage claims because they require emergency mitigation (extraction, structural drying per IICRC S500 standards) before permanent repairs can begin.
The physical removal of standing water and absorbed bulk water from a structure using pumps, wet vacuums, and truck-mounted extractors. The first step in most water damage restoration projects after the water source has been stopped.
The Xactimate trade category containing line items for water damage response, including extraction, drying equipment rental, monitoring, antimicrobial treatment, and temporary containment. Prefix WTR identifies water mitigation line items.
The visible signs of gradual material deterioration on a roof surface from aging, UV exposure, and weather cycling. Wear patterns include uniform granule erosion, curling edges, and color fading that distinguish normal aging from sudden storm damage.
Weathering is the gradual deterioration of roofing materials from normal environmental exposure over time, while damage is a sudden loss of function caused by a specific event like a storm.
Wind damage is property damage caused by high winds to roofing, siding, fences, and other exterior components. Wind damage claims require documentation of both the wind event itself (NOAA storm reports, weather data) and physical evidence of wind-related failure patterns such as creased shingles, missing tabs, and lifted flashing.
The wind speed rating is the maximum wind speed a roofing product is tested and certified to withstand when installed according to manufacturer specifications, measured in miles per hour.
The upward suction force created when wind flows over a roof surface, which can lift, curl, or tear shingles from the deck. Wind uplift is strongest at roof edges, corners, and ridge lines.
A separate deductible that applies only to losses caused by wind or hail. Often expressed as a percentage of the dwelling coverage rather than a flat dollar amount, resulting in a higher deductible than standard perils.
State-mandated insurance that pays for medical treatment and lost wages when an employee is injured on the job. In exchange for no-fault benefits, the employee typically gives up the right to sue the employer for the injury.
XactAnalysis is Verisk's cloud-based claims management platform where insurance carriers receive, review, approve, or dispute estimates and supplements submitted through Xactimate via XactNet. XactAnalysis is the review end of the Xactimate ecosystem.
XactAnalysis is Verisk's cloud-based platform that allows insurance carriers, contractors, and third-party administrators to manage, review, and audit Xactimate estimates throughout the claims lifecycle.
Xactimate is the estimating software developed by Verisk that is used to process claims at the vast majority of top US property insurance carriers. Xactimate is the industry standard for writing estimates, submitting supplements, and negotiating claim values in insurance restoration.
XactNet is Xactimate's cloud-based delivery network for transmitting estimates, supplements, and supporting documentation between parties. XactNet is the pipeline that moves estimates from Xactimate to the carrier's XactAnalysis review platform.
XactNet is Verisk's electronic network that transmits Xactimate estimates, assignments, and claim data between contractors, adjusters, and insurance carriers in real time.
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